Terrible Swift Sword (71 page)

21
Carter,
On the Border
, 422–423.

22
Ibid., 465, 458; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 217–218, 222–224; Clendenen,
Blood on the Border
, 67–70; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 143.

23
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 224–226; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 153–154; Clendenen,
Blood on the Border
, 71; Sheridan Papers, Reel 86.

24
Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, 181; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 105.

25
Carter,
On the Border
, 488–495; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 171–172; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 173–182; Sheridan Papers, Reel 39.

26
Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 180; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 188.

27
Utley,
Frontier Regulars,
226–232; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 257–260.

28
Rister,
Border Command
, 196; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 232–233; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 258; Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 533–534n.

29
Ralph K. Andrist,
The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians
(New York: Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993), 133–134; Carlson,
The Plains Indians
, 155–156; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 242–243; Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 609n; Drake,
Little Phil
, 558–559.

30
House Executive Document No. 1, 43–2, 24–25; Sheridan Papers, Reels 6, 7; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 240, 244; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 291–294.

31
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 245; Drake,
Little Phil
, 559.

32
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 273–274; Drake,
Little Phil
, 556–557; Rister,
Border Command
, 199;
New York Times
, June 1875.

33
Foner,
Reconstruction
, 554–555; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 265–267; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 328–331. Sheridan's cipher key can be viewed on Reel 6 of his papers.

34
Sheridan Papers, Reel 6; Hoar,
Autobiography
, 1:208–209; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 267–272; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 330–331; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 555.

35
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 246; Marszalek,
Sherman
, 387.

36
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 247–248; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 299–300; Carlson,
The Plains Indians
, 142, 160–161.

37
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 282–283; Rister,
Border Command
, 202.

38
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 300–301.

39
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 303; Rister,
Border Command
, 204.

40
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 44; McFeely,
Grant
, 428–435;
New York Times
, March 29, 1876; Sheridan Papers, Reel 7.

41
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 18–20.

42
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 236, 239; Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 69.

43
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7.

44
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 55, 93–94; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 256.

45
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 312–313.

46
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 286; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 267–268.

47
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 141, 314.

48
Mardock,
The Reformers
, 144.

49
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 322.

50
Sheridan Papers, Reel 7; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 267–268; Rister,
Border Command
, 210.

51
Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 99; Sheridan Papers, Reels 7, 104.

52
Greiner,
General Phil Sheridan
, 357.

53
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 268–269, 278; Sheridan Papers, Reel 91.

54
Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 204.

55
Sheridan Papers, Reel 86; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 215–221; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 277; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 325.

56
Whitney and Whitney,
The American Presidents
, 160–161; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 276–279.

57
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 278–279.

58
Philip H. Sheridan,
Annual Report to the Secretary of War, 1877
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1877), 1:55–56; Sheridan Papers, Reel 8; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 232–233; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 325; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 272, 280–281.

59
Sheridan Papers, Reels 8, 9;
Annual Report of the War Secretary, 1878
, in House Executive Document No. 1, Part 2, 45–3.

1
Philip H. Sheridan,
Report of an Exploration of Parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana in August and September 1882
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1882), 18.

2
Ibid., 6–17; Aubrey L. Haines,
The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park
, 2 vols. (Yellowstone National Park, WY: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1977), 1:263.

3
Sheridan was inspecting forts in the West when Chicago's 11,000 rail workers struck in October 1877 and returned after the crisis ended. Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army,
175.

4
Sheridan Papers, Reel 86; Sheridan,
Report of an Exploration
, 17; Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:259–263; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 39, 264, 354–355. An example of the army command's long-standing friendships with railroad executives was Grenville Dodge, chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) and the commander of General William Sherman's XVI Corps during the Atlanta campaign. When UPRR vice president Thomas Durant tried to change Dodge's route across Wyoming in 1868, Generals Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan came to Dodge's rescue. At a meeting with Dodge and Durant at Fort Sanders, Wyoming, Grant, then a candidate for president, informed Durant that his proposed changes to Dodge's plan were unacceptable. Durant backed down. Afterward, Dodge escorted his three friends to his home in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

5
Paul A. Hutton, “Phil Sheridan's Crusade for Yellowstone,”
American History Illustrated
19, no. 10 (February 1985); Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 161–165; Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:138, 155, 164–173; H. Duane Hampton,
How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971), 25–28.

6
Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:179.

7
Concise Dictionary of American Biography
, 2nd ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977), 380; Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:204.

8
Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:203–205; Hampton,
How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks
, 39–40.

9
Sheridan,
Report of an Exploration
, 18; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 1:31–32. While stationed near Eagle Pass, Texas, in 1854 and 1855, Sheridan made “stick traps” to catch and study wintering birds along the Rio Grande. He reported snaring meadowlarks, quail, plover, bluebirds, and mockingbirds.

10
Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 2:40.

11
Sheridan Papers, Reels 9, 10; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 156.

12
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 290–291; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 334, 182; Sheridan,
Annual Report to the Secretary of War
, 59; Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, viii; Sheridan Papers, Reels 9, 10.

13
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 158–159; Sheridan Papers, Reels 86, 8, 91.

14
Sheridan Papers, Reels 86, 91; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 337–340; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 344–345.

15
Sheridan Papers, Reel 91.

16
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 341–342.

17
Ibid., 360–362; Rister,
Border Command
, 218–221.

18
Sheridan Papers, Reel 91; Howard R. Lamar, ed.,
The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1977), 290–291.

19
Warner,
Generals in Blue
, 443; Sheridan Papers, Reel 14.

20
Davies,
General Sheridan
, 1.

21
Rister,
Border Command
, 221–222; Drake,
Little Phil
, 602–603.

22
Sheridan Papers, Reels 104, 9, 10.

23
Smits, “The Frontier Army,” 335, 337; C. M. MacInnes,
In the Shadow of the Rockies
(London: Rivingtons, 1930), 145–146; Sheridan Papers, Reel 12.

24
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 287; Smits, “The Frontier Army,” 338. Sitting Bull later joined
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
for two national tours, charging for his autograph. In 1890, amid the Ghost Dance religious revival sweeping the Sioux nation, rumors reached Indian agent James McLaughlin at the Standing Rock Agency that Sitting Bull planned to participate. As reservation police attempted to arrest him at his cabin on December 15, 1890, a fight broke out. When the shooting stopped, Sitting Bull, a teenage son, six bodyguards, and six policemen lay dead. Lamar,
The Reader's Encyclopedia
, 1120.

25
Lamar,
The Reader's Encyclopedia
, 436–437; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 382–383.

26
Crook,
General George Crook
, 141.

27
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 194.

28
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 366–367; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 384–386; Sheridan Papers, Reel 14.

29
Sheridan Papers, Reel 14; Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 326–328.

30
Crook,
General George Crook
, 264–265, 134; Greiner,
General Phil Sheridan
, 413.

31
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:564–565; Lamar,
The Reader's Encyclopedia
, 436–437.

32
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 349–350; Drake,
Little Phil
, 605–606.

33
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 565; Paul A. C. Koistinen, “The Political Economy of Warfare in America, 1865–1914,” in
Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871–1914
, ed. Manfred Boemeke, Roger Chickering, and Stig Förster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 72–73; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 160–162; Sheridan Papers, Reels 9, 14, 7. A week before the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Custer chose not to bring a Gatling gun, believing it would slow him down. Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 258.

34
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 140–141, 148; Sheridan Papers, Reel 14; Drake,
Little Phil
, 594, 617.

35
Rister,
Border Command
, 221–222; Drake,
Little Phil
, 619. After Phil Sheridan died in 1888, Brigadier General Michael Sheridan, aide to his older brother for a quarter century, added 124 pages to the memoirs to complete the story. The “new and enlarged” Volume II was published in 1902.

36
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 349–350.

37
Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress, 1774–1989
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989), 1983.

38
Forest and Stream
, January 11, 1883, 1.

39
Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:267–269, 272; 2:59, 209–211; Hampton,
How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks
, 58–61.

40
Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 1:292–304, 312, 323; Hampton,
How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks
, 68–74. In 1894, Congress passed the Lacey Act, placing Yellowstone under the jurisdiction of Wyoming's federal courts. Hampton,
How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks
, 123.

41
Thomas C. Reeves, “President Arthur in Yellowstone National Park,” in
Montana: The Magazine of Western History
(July 1962): 19–20, 24, 27; Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:539–550; Hutton, “Phil Sheridan's Crusade”; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 359; Haines,
The Yellowstone Story
, 2:36–37;
Forest and Stream
, December 20, 1883.