Authors: Harlow Giles Unger
Lion of Liberty (44 page)
21
Samuel Adams to Richard Henry Lee, April 10, 1773, and New Hampshire
Gazette
, June 18, 1773, in Henry, I:167-168.
Chapter 6. We Must Fight!Samuel Adams to Richard Henry Lee, April 10, 1773, and New Hampshire
Gazette
, June 18, 1773, in Henry, I:167-168.
1
Henry, I:164.
Henry, I:164.
2
George Mason to Martin Cockburn, May 26, 1773, in Morgan, 140.
George Mason to Martin Cockburn, May 26, 1773, in Morgan, 140.
4
Henry, I:193.
Henry, I:193.
5
Ibid., I:198.
Ibid., I:198.
6
Ibid., I:213.
Ibid., I:213.
7
Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington
. Completed by John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957, 7 vols.), III:383.
Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington
. Completed by John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957, 7 vols.), III:383.
8
Benjamin Franklin to James Parker, March 20, 1750, Leonard W. Labaree, et al.,
Papers of Benjamin Franklin
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959-[in progress], 38 vols. to date), IV:117-121.
Benjamin Franklin to James Parker, March 20, 1750, Leonard W. Labaree, et al.,
Papers of Benjamin Franklin
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959-[in progress], 38 vols. to date), IV:117-121.
9
Henry, I:219.
Henry, I:219.
10
Ibid., I:221.
Ibid., I:221.
11
Ibid., I:223.
Ibid., I:223.
13
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was born to and married into wealth. An attorney and later a justice on the court in Bordeaux called
le Parlement
, he began writing in his early thirties, publishing the popular
Lettres persanes
, a satire of Parisian life and mockery of the reign of Louis XIV, as seen through the eyes of two Persian travelers. After selling his government post, he traveled extensively from court to court and emerged as a renowned political philosopher and historian, publishing his
De la monarchie universelle en Europe
(1734, “On the Universal Monarchies in Europe”), Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur decadence (1734, Consideration of the causes of the greatness and decadence of the Romans), and the landmark French work of political science of the Enlightenment,
De l'esprit des lois, ou du rapport que les lois doivent avoir avec la constitution de chaque gouvernement, les moeurs, le climat, la religion, le commerce, etc.
(1748,
The Spirit of Laws,
translated by Thomas Nugent, 2 vols., 1750).
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was born to and married into wealth. An attorney and later a justice on the court in Bordeaux called
le Parlement
, he began writing in his early thirties, publishing the popular
Lettres persanes
, a satire of Parisian life and mockery of the reign of Louis XIV, as seen through the eyes of two Persian travelers. After selling his government post, he traveled extensively from court to court and emerged as a renowned political philosopher and historian, publishing his
De la monarchie universelle en Europe
(1734, “On the Universal Monarchies in Europe”), Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur decadence (1734, Consideration of the causes of the greatness and decadence of the Romans), and the landmark French work of political science of the Enlightenment,
De l'esprit des lois, ou du rapport que les lois doivent avoir avec la constitution de chaque gouvernement, les moeurs, le climat, la religion, le commerce, etc.
(1748,
The Spirit of Laws,
translated by Thomas Nugent, 2 vols., 1750).
14
Henry, I:234.
Henry, I:234.
15
Ibid.
Ibid.
16
Roger Atkinson to Samuel Pleasants, in Henry, I:197.
Roger Atkinson to Samuel Pleasants, in Henry, I:197.
17
Henry, I:236.
Chapter 7. “Give Me Liberty . . . ”Henry, I:236.
1
Letter from Charles Dabney, in Henry, I:180.
Letter from Charles Dabney, in Henry, I:180.
2
Edmund Burke,
Second Speech on Conciliation with America, The Thirteen Resolutions
, March 12, 1775, in
Bartlett's Familiar Quotations
, 331.
Edmund Burke,
Second Speech on Conciliation with America, The Thirteen Resolutions
, March 12, 1775, in
Bartlett's Familiar Quotations
, 331.
3
Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969), 3.
Robert Douthat Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969), 3.
5
Henry, I:257-258.
Henry, I:257-258.
6
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
Henry, I:267-268, citing the description of “an old Baptist clergyman who was one of the auditory.”
Henry, I:267-268, citing the description of “an old Baptist clergyman who was one of the auditory.”
9
Ibid., I:262-264.
Ibid., I:262-264.
10
Ibid., 266. (Author's note: No actual transcript of Henry's speech exists, and the words shown here represent a reconstruction by Henry's first biographer William Wirt, who extrapolated its contents from recollectionsâforty years after the eventâby those present at St. Paul's, including Judge John Tyler, an intimate of Henry's, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, and Judge St. George Tucker, among others. Hardly a friend of Henry, Jefferson did not alter a word in Wirt's reconstruction of the speech and reiterated his appraisal of Henry as the greatest orator in history. As I stated previously, I believe that word for word accuracy is less important than an accurate presentation of Henry's meaning, his passion, and his eloquence.)
Ibid., 266. (Author's note: No actual transcript of Henry's speech exists, and the words shown here represent a reconstruction by Henry's first biographer William Wirt, who extrapolated its contents from recollectionsâforty years after the eventâby those present at St. Paul's, including Judge John Tyler, an intimate of Henry's, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, and Judge St. George Tucker, among others. Hardly a friend of Henry, Jefferson did not alter a word in Wirt's reconstruction of the speech and reiterated his appraisal of Henry as the greatest orator in history. As I stated previously, I believe that word for word accuracy is less important than an accurate presentation of Henry's meaning, his passion, and his eloquence.)
11
Tyler, 146-149, citing manuscript of John Roane, who heard the speech.
Tyler, 146-149, citing manuscript of John Roane, who heard the speech.
13
G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owens, eds.,
The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771-1782
(Naval Records Society Publications, 1932-1938), I:61, cited in Unger,
John Hancock
, 195.
G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owens, eds.,
The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771-1782
(Naval Records Society Publications, 1932-1938), I:61, cited in Unger,
John Hancock
, 195.
14
Percy to Edward Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles K. Bolton, ed.,
Letters of Hugh Earl Percy . . . 1774-1776
, cited in Knollenberg,
Growth
, 195.
Percy to Edward Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles K. Bolton, ed.,
Letters of Hugh Earl Percy . . . 1774-1776
, cited in Knollenberg,
Growth
, 195.
16
Henry, I:200.
Henry, I:200.
17
Ibid., I:202.
Ibid., I:202.
18
Ibid., I:280.
Ibid., I:280.
19
Ibid., I:280.
Ibid., I:280.
20
Hayes, 79.
Hayes, 79.
21
Tyler, 167.
Chapter 8. “Don't Tread on Me”Tyler, 167.
1
Tyler, 185.
Tyler, 185.
2
Ibid.
Ibid.
3
George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, February 26-March 9, 1776, W. W. Abbott, ed.,
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985-in progress, 19 vols. to date) [hereafter PGW Rev.], 3:369-379.
George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, February 26-March 9, 1776, W. W. Abbott, ed.,
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985-in progress, 19 vols. to date) [hereafter PGW Rev.], 3:369-379.
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
Ibid.
7
Henry, I:349-350.
Henry, I:349-350.
8
Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu,
The Spirit of Laws
(2 vols., Geneva, 1748), as cited in John P. Kaminski and Richard Leffler, eds.,
Federalists and Antifederalists: The Debate Over the Ratification of the Constitution
(Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 1989, 1998), 9-10.
Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu,
The Spirit of Laws
(2 vols., Geneva, 1748), as cited in John P. Kaminski and Richard Leffler, eds.,
Federalists and Antifederalists: The Debate Over the Ratification of the Constitution
(Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 1989, 1998), 9-10.
10
Patrick Henry to John Adams, May 20, 1776, in Henry, I:410-412.
Patrick Henry to John Adams, May 20, 1776, in Henry, I:410-412.
11
John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 8, 1776, ibid., I:414-416.
John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 8, 1776, ibid., I:414-416.
12
Randolph, 255-256.
Randolph, 255-256.
13
Max Farrand,
The Fathers of the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Establishment of the Union
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921), 45.
Max Farrand,
The Fathers of the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Establishment of the Union
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921), 45.
14
Henry, I:349-350.
Henry, I:349-350.
16
Tyler, 271.
Tyler, 271.
17
Henry, I:453-454.
Henry, I:453-454.
19
Kips Bay is near present-day 34th Street on the east side of Manhattan Island; Harlem Heights stretched from present day 110th Street to 125th Street, on the west side of Manhattan, where Columbia University now stands.
Kips Bay is near present-day 34th Street on the east side of Manhattan Island; Harlem Heights stretched from present day 110th Street to 125th Street, on the west side of Manhattan, where Columbia University now stands.
22
George Washington to Patrick Henry, October 5, 1776, PGW Rev., 6:479-482.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, October 5, 1776, PGW Rev., 6:479-482.
23
Patrick Henry to the Governor of Cuba, October 18, 1777, Henry, III:103-104.
Patrick Henry to the Governor of Cuba, October 18, 1777, Henry, III:103-104.
24
Patrick Henry to Richard Peters at the War Office, December 6, 1776, ibid., III:32.
Patrick Henry to Richard Peters at the War Office, December 6, 1776, ibid., III:32.
25
Patrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, October 11, 1776, ibid., III:19.
Patrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, October 11, 1776, ibid., III:19.
26
Patrick Henry to John Hancock, March 28, 1777, ibid., III:48.
Patrick Henry to John Hancock, March 28, 1777, ibid., III:48.
27
Patrick Henry to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, May 27, 1777, ibid., III:78.
Patrick Henry to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, May 27, 1777, ibid., III:78.
28
Patrick Henry to William Preston, February 19, 1778, ibid., III:144-148.
Patrick Henry to William Preston, February 19, 1778, ibid., III:144-148.
29
Patrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, June 20, 1777, ibid., III:83.
Chapter 9. Hastening to RuinPatrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, June 20, 1777, ibid., III:83.
1
Henry, I:505.
Henry, I:505.
2
Ibid., II:148.
Ibid., II:148.
3
Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, October 27, 1808, in John P. Kaminski,
The Quotable Jefferson
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 164.
Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, October 27, 1808, in John P. Kaminski,
The Quotable Jefferson
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 164.
4
Henry, II:118.
Henry, II:118.
5
Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 29, 1777, PGW Rev., 9:12-13.
Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 29, 1777, PGW Rev., 9:12-13.
6
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, January 9, 1777, Henry, II:511-513.
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, January 9, 1777, Henry, II:511-513.
7
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, March 29, 1777, ibid., II:515-516.
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, March 29, 1777, ibid., II:515-516.
8
Morgan, 319.
Morgan, 319.
10
George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777, PGW Rev., 12:242-247.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777, PGW Rev., 12:242-247.
11
George Washington to Horatio Gates, January 4, 1778, ibid., 13:138-140.
George Washington to Horatio Gates, January 4, 1778, ibid., 13:138-140.
12
English-born General Horatio Gates; English-born General Charles Lee, and Irish-born soldier of fortune General Thomas Conway.
English-born General Horatio Gates; English-born General Charles Lee, and Irish-born soldier of fortune General Thomas Conway.
13
Unknown to Patrick Henry, January 12, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:610n-611n.
Unknown to Patrick Henry, January 12, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:610n-611n.
14
Patrick Henry to George Washington, February 20, 1778, ibid., 13:609
Patrick Henry to George Washington, February 20, 1778, ibid., 13:609
15
George Washington to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778, ibid., 13:328-329.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778, ibid., 13:328-329.
16
Ibid., March 28, 1778, 13:336-337.
Ibid., March 28, 1778, 13:336-337.
17
Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 19, 1778, ibid., 13:594-597.
Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 19, 1778, ibid., 13:594-597.
18
George-Washington Lafayette [Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette],
Mémoires, Correspondence et Manuscrits du Général Lafayette, publiés par sa famille
(Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, Etc., Hauman, Cattoir et Compagnie, 2 vols., 1837), I:36-37.
George-Washington Lafayette [Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette],
Mémoires, Correspondence et Manuscrits du Général Lafayette, publiés par sa famille
(Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, Etc., Hauman, Cattoir et Compagnie, 2 vols., 1837), I:36-37.
19
George Washington to Patrick Henry, December 27, 1777, PGW Rev., 13:17-18.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, December 27, 1777, PGW Rev., 13:17-18.
20
Ibid., 9:12-13.
Ibid., 9:12-13.
21
Patrick Henry to Committee of Congress, January 20, 1778, Henry, II:554- 557.
Patrick Henry to Committee of Congress, January 20, 1778, Henry, II:554- 557.
22
George Washington to Patrick Henry, February 19, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:591- 592.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, February 19, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:591- 592.
23
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, April 7, 1778, Henry, II:559-560.
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, April 7, 1778, Henry, II:559-560.
24
Henry, II:562.
Henry, II:562.
26
Henry, II:564.
Chapter 10. Obliged to FlyHenry, II:564.
1
Henry, II:565-566.
Henry, II:565-566.
2
Ibid.
Ibid.
3
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 13, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:600-601.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 13, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:600-601.
4
George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 3, 1778, ibid., 18:30-31.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 3, 1778, ibid., 18:30-31.
5
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, June 18, 1778, in Henry, II:564-565.
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, June 18, 1778, in Henry, II:564-565.
6
Captain John Wilson to Patrick Henry, May 20, 1778, Henry, III:169-170.
Captain John Wilson to Patrick Henry, May 20, 1778, Henry, III:169-170.
7
Benson Bobrick,
Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 345.
Benson Bobrick,
Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 345.
8
George Washington Parke Custis,
Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington
(New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860), 220.
George Washington Parke Custis,
Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington
(New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860), 220.
10
George Washington to John Augustine Washington, July 4, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:25-26.
George Washington to John Augustine Washington, July 4, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:25-26.
11
George Washington to Patrick Henry, July 4, 1778, ibid., 16:21-25.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, July 4, 1778, ibid., 16:21-25.
12
Patrick Henry to George Rogers Clark, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:209-212.
Patrick Henry to George Rogers Clark, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:209-212.
13
Patrick Henry to Virginia delegation in Congress, Tyler, 258.
Patrick Henry to Virginia delegation in Congress, Tyler, 258.
14
Patrick Henry to John Todd, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:212-216.
Patrick Henry to John Todd, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:212-216.
15
Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 13, 1779, ibid., III:229-231.
Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 13, 1779, ibid., III:229-231.
16
Henri Doniol,
Histoire de la Participation de la France à l'Ãtablissement des Ãtats-Unis d'Amérique
(Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1886, 5 vols.), III:243.
Henri Doniol,
Histoire de la Participation de la France à l'Ãtablissement des Ãtats-Unis d'Amérique
(Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1886, 5 vols.), III:243.
17
Ibid., III:266.
Ibid., III:266.
18
Ibid., III:43.
Ibid., III:43.
19
Ibid., III:67-68.
Ibid., III:67-68.
20
Two of Henry's seventeen children died at an early age: Richard, born to Dolly in 1792, died at eighteen months, and Jane Robertson, the last born of Henry and Dolly's children, lived only four days after her birth in 1798.
Two of Henry's seventeen children died at an early age: Richard, born to Dolly in 1792, died at eighteen months, and Jane Robertson, the last born of Henry and Dolly's children, lived only four days after her birth in 1798.
22
Ibid., III:324.
Ibid., III:324.
23
Tyler, 282-283.
Tyler, 282-283.
25
Henry, II:143.
Henry, II:143.
26
Randolph, 295-296.
Randolph, 295-296.
27
“Yorktown Day” remains an official state holiday in Virginia.
“Yorktown Day” remains an official state holiday in Virginia.
28
Henry, II:151.
Henry, II:151.
30
Morgan, 311.
Chapter 11. A Belgian HareMorgan, 311.
1
Johann David Schoepf,
Travels in the Confederation
, translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison (Philadelphia, 1911), cited in W. P. Cresson,
James Monroe
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 66.
Johann David Schoepf,
Travels in the Confederation
, translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison (Philadelphia, 1911), cited in W. P. Cresson,
James Monroe
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 66.
2
William Short [citing Henry] to Thomas Jefferson, May 15, 1784, in Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, 273.
William Short [citing Henry] to Thomas Jefferson, May 15, 1784, in Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, 273.
3
Henry, II:226-227.
Henry, II:226-227.
4
Ibid., II:191.
Ibid., II:191.
5
Ibid., II:193.
Ibid., II:193.
6
Ibid., II:193-196.
Ibid., II:193-196.
7
Ibid., II:219.
Ibid., II:219.
8
Ibid., II:214.
Ibid., II:214.
9
John P. Kaminski,
James Madison, Champion of Liberty and Justice
(Madison, WI: Parallel Press, 2006), 17-18.
John P. Kaminski,
James Madison, Champion of Liberty and Justice
(Madison, WI: Parallel Press, 2006), 17-18.
10
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 17, 1826, ibid., 387.
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 17, 1826, ibid., 387.
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