Authors: Harlow Giles Unger
Lion of Liberty (45 page)
11
Henry wrote to Thomas Jefferson, then American minister in Paris, for help in finding a sculptor. Jefferson enlisted the renowned French sculptor Jean Houdon, who traveled to Mount Vernon, made sketches and a clay bust of Washington, along with a life mask. He returned to France with the sketches and life mask, from which he then sculpted the full statue, which stands in the capitol at Richmond. His original of Lafayette stood in Paris until its destruction during the French Revolution. The Lafayette statue in Richmond is a copy of the original. Houdon's original clay bust of Washington remains at Mount Vernon and is the most valuable artwork there.
Henry wrote to Thomas Jefferson, then American minister in Paris, for help in finding a sculptor. Jefferson enlisted the renowned French sculptor Jean Houdon, who traveled to Mount Vernon, made sketches and a clay bust of Washington, along with a life mask. He returned to France with the sketches and life mask, from which he then sculpted the full statue, which stands in the capitol at Richmond. His original of Lafayette stood in Paris until its destruction during the French Revolution. The Lafayette statue in Richmond is a copy of the original. Houdon's original clay bust of Washington remains at Mount Vernon and is the most valuable artwork there.
12
George Washington to James Madison, November 17, 1788, W. W. Abbott, ed.,
The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987-present [in progress], 15 vols.), 1:112-116.
George Washington to James Madison, November 17, 1788, W. W. Abbott, ed.,
The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987-present [in progress], 15 vols.), 1:112-116.
13
Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, 319, citing Henry Aylett Sampson,
Sonnets and Other Poems
, 122.
Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, 319, citing Henry Aylett Sampson,
Sonnets and Other Poems
, 122.
14
Patrick Henry to the Mayor of Richmond, January 13, 1785, Henry, III:267- 268.
Patrick Henry to the Mayor of Richmond, January 13, 1785, Henry, III:267- 268.
15
Patrick Henry to the Governor of Georgia, February 28, 1786, ibid., III:248.
Patrick Henry to the Governor of Georgia, February 28, 1786, ibid., III:248.
16
Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, December 18, 1784, ibid., III:247-248.
Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, December 18, 1784, ibid., III:247-248.
17
Tyler, 300.
Tyler, 300.
18
Edward Fontaine, “Patrick Henry,” published as “A Patrick Henry Essay (No. 3-07)” by the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation, 2008.
Edward Fontaine, “Patrick Henry,” published as “A Patrick Henry Essay (No. 3-07)” by the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation, 2008.
19
Henry, II:286-287.
Henry, II:286-287.
21
Henry Knox to George Washington, January 31, 1785, in PGW Confed., 2:301-306.
Henry Knox to George Washington, January 31, 1785, in PGW Confed., 2:301-306.
22
DHRC, XIII:25.
DHRC, XIII:25.
25
John Marshall to Arthur Lee, in Beeman, 140.
John Marshall to Arthur Lee, in Beeman, 140.
26
James Monroe to Patrick Henry, August 12, 1786, Daniel Preston, ed.,
The Papers of James Monroe
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003-2006, 2 vols. [in progress]), II:331-334.
James Monroe to Patrick Henry, August 12, 1786, Daniel Preston, ed.,
The Papers of James Monroe
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003-2006, 2 vols. [in progress]), II:331-334.
27
DHRC, XIII:154-155.
DHRC, XIII:154-155.
28
Ibid., II:57.
Chapter 12. Seeds of DiscontentIbid., II:57.
1
Henry, II:305-309. An article by Thomas E. Buckley, S.J., in
The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
91 (January, 1983), 98-104, presents an identical letter as having been written by Bishop James Madison (1749-1812) to his daughter in 1811, twenty-five years after the date of Henry's letter. There is at present no way
to authenticate the origins of the letter. A cousin of President James Madison, Bishop Madison was president of the College of William and Mary at the time and may well have had access to some of Patrick Henry's letters and papers, then in the hands of Henry's many heirs. On the other hand, Henry took the unusual step for his era of designating his daughter as administrator of the estate of one of his late sons and attorney-in-fact for her late husband's estateâa show of confidence in a woman so rare in his day that it seems incongruous with the tone of his letter of advice to his other daughters. Regardless of its origins and author, however, the letter is of interest as a reflection of the times.
Henry, II:305-309. An article by Thomas E. Buckley, S.J., in
The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
91 (January, 1983), 98-104, presents an identical letter as having been written by Bishop James Madison (1749-1812) to his daughter in 1811, twenty-five years after the date of Henry's letter. There is at present no way
to authenticate the origins of the letter. A cousin of President James Madison, Bishop Madison was president of the College of William and Mary at the time and may well have had access to some of Patrick Henry's letters and papers, then in the hands of Henry's many heirs. On the other hand, Henry took the unusual step for his era of designating his daughter as administrator of the estate of one of his late sons and attorney-in-fact for her late husband's estateâa show of confidence in a woman so rare in his day that it seems incongruous with the tone of his letter of advice to his other daughters. Regardless of its origins and author, however, the letter is of interest as a reflection of the times.
2
Patrick Henry to Mrs. Annie Christian, October 20, 1786, Henry, III:379-380.
Patrick Henry to Mrs. Annie Christian, October 20, 1786, Henry, III:379-380.
4
Edmund Randolph to Patrick Henry, December 6, 1786, Henry, II:310-311.
Edmund Randolph to Patrick Henry, December 6, 1786, Henry, II:310-311.
5
James Madison to George Washington, December 7, 1786, in Tyler, 310.
James Madison to George Washington, December 7, 1786, in Tyler, 310.
6
James Madison to George Washington, March 18, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:92-95.
James Madison to George Washington, March 18, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:92-95.
7
James Madison to Edmund Randolph, March 25, 1786, Henry, II:313.
James Madison to Edmund Randolph, March 25, 1786, Henry, II:313.
8
James Madison,
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 19. [Author's note: Madison's
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
detail only part of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention. A more complete compilation may be found in the four-volume work,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
, edited by Max Farrand (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).]
James Madison,
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 19. [Author's note: Madison's
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
detail only part of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention. A more complete compilation may be found in the four-volume work,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
, edited by Max Farrand (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).]
11
Ibid., 31.
Ibid., 31.
12
PGW Confed., 5:239-241.
PGW Confed., 5:239-241.
14
Ibid., 39-40.
Ibid., 39-40.
15
Carl Van Doren,
The Great Rehearsal: The Story of the Making and Ratifying of the Constitution of the United States
(New York: The Viking Press, 1948), 189-190.
Carl Van Doren,
The Great Rehearsal: The Story of the Making and Ratifying of the Constitution of the United States
(New York: The Viking Press, 1948), 189-190.
17
Ibid., 385.
Ibid., 385.
18
Ibid., 502-503.
Ibid., 502-503.
19
George Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette, August 17, 1787, Freeman, 6:105.
Chapter 13. On the Wings of the TempestGeorge Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette, August 17, 1787, Freeman, 6:105.
1
DHRC, VII:337-339.
DHRC, VII:337-339.
2
Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, September 14, 1789, Henry, III:399-400.
Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, September 14, 1789, Henry, III:399-400.
3
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 24, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:339-340.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 24, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:339-340.
4
Patrick Henry to George Washington, October 1787, ibid., 5:384.
Patrick Henry to George Washington, October 1787, ibid., 5:384.
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
6
Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, quoting “Journal of William Loughton Smith, 1790-1791,” in
Massachusetts Historical Society Publication
, October, 1917.
Meade,
Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary
, quoting “Journal of William Loughton Smith, 1790-1791,” in
Massachusetts Historical Society Publication
, October, 1917.
7
Spencer Roane's memorandum to William Wirt, in Morgan, 445.
Spencer Roane's memorandum to William Wirt, in Morgan, 445.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
DHRC, VIII:65-67.
DHRC, VIII:65-67.
10
Ibid.
Ibid.
11
George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, April 2, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:187-188.
George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, April 2, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:187-188.
12
Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, November 13, 1787, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 211-212.
Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, November 13, 1787, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 211-212.
13
Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, May 2, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:251-257.
Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, May 2, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:251-257.
14
Max Farrand,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911, 4 vols.), III:123-127.
Max Farrand,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911, 4 vols.), III:123-127.
15
George Washington to Charles Carter, December 14, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:489-492.
George Washington to Charles Carter, December 14, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:489-492.
16
George Washington to Henry Knox, October 15, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:288-290.
George Washington to Henry Knox, October 15, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:288-290.
21
Louis-Guillaume Otto to French minister of foreign affairs, comte de Montmorin, October 10, 1787, Correspondence politique, Ãtats-Unis 32, 368 ff., Archives du Ministre des Affaires Ãtrangères, Paris.
Louis-Guillaume Otto to French minister of foreign affairs, comte de Montmorin, October 10, 1787, Correspondence politique, Ãtats-Unis 32, 368 ff., Archives du Ministre des Affaires Ãtrangères, Paris.
22
Henry, III:579.
Henry, III:579.
24
Tyler, 317.
Tyler, 317.
25
Gouverneur Morris to George Washington, October 30, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:398-401.
Gouverneur Morris to George Washington, October 30, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:398-401.
26
DHRC, XX:688.
DHRC, XX:688.
27
Henry, II:342-343.
Henry, II:342-343.
28
Ibid.
Ibid.
29
Author's note: The most complete text of Henry's speeches to the Virginia Ratification Convention can be found in two sources. Volume III, pp. 431-600 of
Patrick Henry, Life Correspondence and Speeches
, by his grandson William Wirt Henry (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891, reprinted by Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA, 1993) contains his speeches with brief summaries of responses by
other delegates. The complete proceedings of the Virginia Ratification Convention, including Henry's speeches, may be found in volumes VIII-XI, of DHRC.
Author's note: The most complete text of Henry's speeches to the Virginia Ratification Convention can be found in two sources. Volume III, pp. 431-600 of
Patrick Henry, Life Correspondence and Speeches
, by his grandson William Wirt Henry (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891, reprinted by Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA, 1993) contains his speeches with brief summaries of responses by
other delegates. The complete proceedings of the Virginia Ratification Convention, including Henry's speeches, may be found in volumes VIII-XI, of DHRC.
31
DHRC, IX:929-931.
DHRC, IX:929-931.
32
Ibid.
Ibid.
33
Ibid., IX:931-936.
Ibid., IX:931-936.
34
Richard B. Morris,
Witnesses at the Creation: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), 197.
Chapter 14. A Bane of SeditionRichard B. Morris,
Witnesses at the Creation: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), 197.
1
DHRC, IX:949-951.
DHRC, IX:949-951.
2
Henry, II:267-268, citing the description of “an old Baptist clergyman who was one of the auditory.”
Henry, II:267-268, citing the description of “an old Baptist clergyman who was one of the auditory.”
3
Henry, III:568.
Henry, III:568.
4
DHRC, IX:951-968.
DHRC, IX:951-968.
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
Ibid.
7
Henry, II:359.
Henry, II:359.
8
Ibid., II:381.
Ibid., II:381.
9
Ibid., II:382.
Ibid., II:382.
10
Ibid., II:536-537; Henry, III:471-472.
Ibid., II:536-537; Henry, III:471-472.
11
Henry, II:544-545.
Henry, II:544-545.
12
DHRC, IX:951-968.
DHRC, IX:951-968.
13
Ibid., IX:968.
Ibid., IX:968.
14
Ibid., IX:971-989.
Ibid., IX:971-989.
15
Ibid., IX:689-998.
Ibid., IX:689-998.
16
Ibid., IX:1016-1028.
Ibid., IX:1016-1028.
17
Ibid., IX:1028-1035.
Ibid., IX:1028-1035.
18
Ibid., IX:1072-1080.
Ibid., IX:1072-1080.
19
Ibid., IX:1036.
Ibid., IX:1036.
20
Ibid., IX:1082.
Ibid., IX:1082.
21
Ibid.
Ibid.
22
Ibid., IX:1082-1083.
Ibid., IX:1082-1083.
23
Henry, III:518-519.
Henry, III:518-519.
24
DHRC, IX:1246.
DHRC, IX:1246.
25
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 24, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:339-340.
George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 24, 1787, PGW Confed., 5:339-340.
26
Henry, III:501.
Henry, III:501.
27
Ibid., III:582-583.
Ibid., III:582-583.
28
James Madison to George Washington, June 13, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:329.
James Madison to George Washington, June 13, 1788, PGW Confed., 6:329.
29
Comte de Moustier to Comte de Montmorin, June 23, 1788, DHRC, XXI: 1227-1228.
Comte de Moustier to Comte de Montmorin, June 23, 1788, DHRC, XXI: 1227-1228.
30
DHRC, X:1476-1477.
DHRC, X:1476-1477.
31
Henry, III:586; Morgan, 354.
Henry, III:586; Morgan, 354.
32
Wirt, 313; Henry II:371.
Chapter 15. Beef! Beef! Beef!Wirt, 313; Henry II:371.
1
Henry, II:364.
Henry, II:364.
2
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, July 12, 1788, Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time, Volume Two: Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1951), 175.
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, July 12, 1788, Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and His Time, Volume Two: Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1951), 175.
3
DHRC X:1498.
DHRC X:1498.
4
Ibid., X:1537.
Ibid., X:1537.
5
James Madison to George Washington, June 27, 1788, PGW Confed., 6: 356-357.
James Madison to George Washington, June 27, 1788, PGW Confed., 6: 356-357.
6
Thomas Jefferson to William S. Smith, February 2, 1788, Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
, 171.
Thomas Jefferson to William S. Smith, February 2, 1788, Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
, 171.
7
Henry, II:416.
Henry, II:416.
8
Ibid., II:419-420.
Ibid., II:419-420.
9
Ibid., II:421.
Ibid., II:421.
10
Ibid., II:422.
Ibid., II:422.
11
Ibid.
Ibid.
12
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
Ibid., II:423-425.
Ibid., II:423-425.
14
Henry, III:527-528.
Henry, III:527-528.
15
Patrick Henry to Mrs. Elizabeth Aylett, November 11, 1788, Henry, II:434.
Patrick Henry to Mrs. Elizabeth Aylett, November 11, 1788, Henry, II:434.
16
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, November 15, 1788, ibid., II:428-430.
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, November 15, 1788, ibid., II:428-430.
17
Tobias Lear, January 31, 1789, ibid., II:433.
Tobias Lear, January 31, 1789, ibid., II:433.
19
Richard Labunski,
James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 64.
Richard Labunski,
James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 64.
20
William Grayson to Patrick Henry, June 12, 1789, Henry, II:443.
William Grayson to Patrick Henry, June 12, 1789, Henry, II:443.
21
Robert R. Rutland, ed.,
The Papers of James Madison
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984-1989, 17 vols.), 12:203.
Robert R. Rutland, ed.,
The Papers of James Madison
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984-1989, 17 vols.), 12:203.
22
The Tenth Amendment reads: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
The Tenth Amendment reads: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
23
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, January 28, 1790, Henry, II:451
Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, January 28, 1790, Henry, II:451
24
Edmund Randolph to George Washington, November 22, 1789, ibid., II:449.
Edmund Randolph to George Washington, November 22, 1789, ibid., II:449.
25
Henry Lee to President George Washington, August 17, 1794, Tyler, 399.
Henry Lee to President George Washington, August 17, 1794, Tyler, 399.
27
Ibid.
Ibid.
29
Henry, II:478-479.
Henry, II:478-479.
30
Morgan, 387.
Morgan, 387.
31
Spencer Roane to William Wirt, in Morgan, 447.
Spencer Roane to William Wirt, in Morgan, 447.
32
Henry, II:484.
Henry, II:484.
33
Ibid.
Ibid.
34
Wirt, 389-391.
Wirt, 389-391.
35
Edmund Randolph to George Washington, June 24, 1793, PGW Pres., 13: 137-142.
Edmund Randolph to George Washington, June 24, 1793, PGW Pres., 13: 137-142.
36
Henry, II:472.
Henry, II:472.
37
Morgan, 386.
Morgan, 386.
38
John Marshall to Rufus King, May 24, 1796, in Jean Edward Smith,
John Marshall: Definer of a Nation
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), 148.
John Marshall to Rufus King, May 24, 1796, in Jean Edward Smith,
John Marshall: Definer of a Nation
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), 148.
39
Wirt, 337-338.
Wirt, 337-338.
40
Henry, II:495.
Henry, II:495.
41
Ibid., II:475.
Ibid., II:475.
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